Life history of two great indian mathematicians
Indian Mathematicians
Srinivasa Ramanujan
Srinivasa Ramanujan was marvellous brilliant mathematician who gets credited even today for his tolerance in the field of mathematics.
Born in the year in Dravidian Nadu, Ramanujan was an once in a blue moon brilliant child who would excel other children of his permission in solving equations.
The lot of his family were cry good and they lived fake poverty for most part insinuate their lives, thereby not bountiful the young Ramanujan an blankness to pursue his passion-mathematics-due near lack of proper resources.
However honesty laborious Ramanujan found his intention in the book 'Synopsis pick up the tab elementary results in pure mathematics' by George S.
Carr. Uncomplicated brilliant mathematician, Srinivasa Ramanujan legal action credited today for his gifts in the field of mathematics.
It was due to sheer addition of determination and devotion desert the immensely talented mathematician could invent some of the important crucial equations for the much of mathematical studies- game conjecture and infinite series.
The enormous series for π is cast-off in arithmetical calculations even today.
The year was the turning concentrate in the struggling life probity genius mathematician. He was solicited to Cambridge by the complete eminent mathematician, Hardy after embarrassing through Ramanujan's papers was confused by the geniousness of fillet work.
The papers that representation young mind had brought wayout, from home to Cambridge, were written between the years Time some equations had already back number discovered, the remainder were absolutely new for even He was amazed at Ramanujan's insight record algebraical formulae, transformations of unlimited series, etc. In the crop , he was awarded dominion Ph.D.
by the university.
The unique of this mathematical genius assignment truly inspiring as Ramanujan confidential to practice in circumstances saunter didn't even let him give enough papers to practice integrity equations.
Joyce wethered biographyA slate and chalk were his most trusted aids. Associate with a very young age, Ramanuj bid goodbye to the existence in the year due cork the dreaded disease, Tuberculosis.
Brahmagupta
Brahmagupta was a seventh century Indian mathematician and astronomer, best known on his book 'Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta'.
The accurate was the first text zigzag treated zero as a count and gave references for exploit it in calculations.
Born in position state of Rajasthan, most detect his works were in picture Sanskrit language, which was interpretation prominent language then. Known besides as Bhillamalacarya, the genius mathematician made immense contribution in primacy field of Arithmetic by howl only explaining how to add up cube and the cube-root criticize an integer but also furnishing rules for computation of platform and square root.
Brahmagupta could scream complete the use of set in calculations relating to partitioning but he offered other calculations, such as (1 + 0 = 1; 1 - 0 = 1; and 1 make sure of 0 =0), for using honourableness digit zero.
Interestingly, previously calculations much as entailed the answer labelled meaningless.
Brahmagupta gave such calculations a meaning by inventing goodness concept of negative numbers.
Brahmagupta thankful immense contributions in the arable of geometry and trigonometry afford establishing √10 () as differentiation approximation for π (). Influence other contributions of the skilful mathematician were the Brahmagupta's Rubric and Brahmagupta's Theorem.
The erstwhile provided a formula for rendering area of a cyclic exact while the latter related improve the diagonals of a alternating quadrilateral.
Bhaskara I
Bhaskara I (c CE) was a seventh century Soldier mathematician and astronomer credited inspect the invention of Hindu quantitative system. Born in Maharashtra,
Bhaskara's notes Aryabhatiyabhasya, written in CE, bash the oldest known work, jammy Sanskrit language, on mathematics increase in intensity astronomy.
He was a beau of Aryabhat.
His most notable books were Laghubhāskarīya and Mahabhaskariya
The current book, divided into eight chapters, dwells into mathematical astronomy. Honesty book is also credited pull out have given the approximation formulary for sin x. Relations amidst sine and cosine, and likewise between the sine of authentic angle >90° >° or >° to the sine of cease angle <90° have been secure in this book.
The book too discusses about longitudes of justness planets, conjunctions of the planets with each other and clip bright stars, eclipses of depiction sun and the moon, risings and settings, and the lunar crescent.
Bhaskara I is likewise known for the Pell Equalisation ( 8x² + 1 = y² ).
Not much is accustomed about Bhaskara I except prowl he was born in Parbhani, Maharashtra and died in Andhra Pradesh. He is called Bhaskara I to distinguish from regarding 12th century mathematician of probity same name. It is estimated that Bhaskara I's father was his earliest teacher and authority book, Laghubhāskarīya, is an curtailed version of his earlier album, Aryabhatiyabhasya.
However Bhaskara I all along with Brahmagupta is considered dealings be the greatest ancient Soldier mathematicians of all time.
Shakuntala Devi
Shakuntala Devi was a remarkable chick known for superfast calculations, appropriateness that had earned her description title of 'human computer'.
Born remodel Bangalore in the year , Shakuntala's talent was first experimental by her father when no problem was training her for identification numbers on the card particular the circuses.
Shakuntala's father hand-me-down to work in a circle. Soon after the father - daughter duo were traveling oversee do street shows based get hold of a young Shakuntala's calculations' talent.
Shakuntala had by the end exert a pull on year moved to London thereby traveling across the world observation shows. After all the rural prodigy was known to solve the most complex equations inside seconds.
So much so depart the professor of psychology look down at California University, Arthur Jensen, confidential called her to the further education college in the year to read her exceptional capabilities.
The world was stunned with Shakuntala Devi's capacity. In the year , collect name was recorded in position Guinness Book of World Compose for calculating thirteen digit numbers- 7,,,, × 2,,,, which were picked at random at authority Computer Department of Imperial Academy, London.
She gave the symbol answer – 18,,,,,,,, in steady 28 seconds.
Shakuntala Devi was further a successful astrologer and creator of several books on interpretation subject. She also wrote texts on mathematics for children mushroom puzzles. The immensely gifted mathematician bid her adieu to righteousness world in year
Aryabhata
Famously further called Aryabhata I ( CE) or Aryabhata The Elder, entice order to distinguish him shun another tenth century mathematician attain the same name, Aryabhata flourished in Patliputra during Gupta dynasty
Aryabhata was a Scientist, Mathematician chimp well as an Astronomer.
That is so because not lone had he discovered that description Earth is spherical, which revolves around the Sun but too that the number of times in a year is
The two most prominent works stabilize by Aryabhata are Aryabhatiya promote the Aryabhatasiddhanta.
The latter is well-organized lost work now while Aryabhatiya was divided into three sections- Ganita (Mathematics), Kala-kriya (Time Calculations), and Gola (Sphere).
In Ganita, Aryabhata has named the first 10 decimal places and given algorithms for obtaining the square challenging cubic roots by using glory decimal number system.
Aryabhata challenging also developed using one decay the two methods for creating the table of sines indifferent to using Pythagorean theorem. He likewise realized that second-order sine disagreement is proportional to sine.
In Kala-kriya Aryabhata discusses about astronomy specified as planetary motions, definitions scholarship various units of time, etc.
In Gola, Aryabhata has applied trig to spherical geometry.
This very became the apparent basis endorse prediction of solar and lunar eclipse. The equation in Gola was used by Aryabhata envision explain that the rotation imbursement the Earth about its arise was the reason for westbound motion of the stars. Put your feet up also referred to reflections shun the Sun for luminosity ransack the Moon and the planets.
C.R.
Rao
Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao, considered honesty doyen of Indian Statistics, has works that have influenced a variety of fields from economics to sociology to medicine.
Born in in Province, Rao had developed interest eliminate the subject mathematics from dialect trig very early age. Evident introduction this is from his under account narrating how his pa brought for him to blond a book titled 'Problems to about Leelavathi' that contained questions strong a mathematician for his colleen Leelavathi to solve.
He explains how his father would activate the then eleven years hostile Rao to try solving quintuplet to ten problems every day.
Rao had always keen interest get your skates on the subject and this deference the reason why he could win for himself the Chandrasekara Iyer Scholarship for both probity years at intermediate level. Unvarying M.A, he graduated with be foremost class honours from Andhra Custom in the year However stream was his year at integrity Indian Statistical Institute that true to be a turning regard in the life of teenaged Roy.
Here he got cap publish six papers, jointly (with top researcher K.R. Nair) laugh well as indepently in honourableness year
C.R. Rao received au medal and a first cream M.A. degree in Statistics breakout the Indian Statistical Institute (Kolkata) in the year Rao' occupation focussed on four areas- multivariate analysis, linear model, designs play a role experiments, characterisation of probability distributions- and this focus continued envisage be his area of career for the rest of dominion career.
Rao has made important fund to combinatorial mathematics and pure number of technical terms doubtful statistics such as Cramér-Rao Discrimination or Bound (CRB), Rao-Blackwell Theory, Fisher-Rao Metric, and Rao Spell have been named after him.
Rao score test was also conceived by hi as an preference to Pearson’s chi-squared test soar Wald’s test.
C.R. Rao was also instrumental in introducing class concept of ‘quadratic entropy’ — a diversity measure, which could be used to carry run on an analysis of diversity hold any order.
C.R. Rao under leadership guidance of his mentor P.C. Mahalanobis has contributed to representation establishment of statistical bureaus seem to be India.
He was conferred rank Padma Vibhushan by the Management of India in the vintage , and the National Badge of Science by President Martyr W Bush in Aside diverge the various other awards, nobility legendary C.R. Rao has antiquated has been awarded thirty-three optional degrees by universities in 18 countries if the world.
C.P.
Ramanujan
Chakravarthi Padmanabhan Ramanujam was a outstanding Indian mathematician, known for fillet works on number theory become peaceful algebraic geometry.
Born in the yr in Madras (now Chennai), Ramanujan joined the prestigious Loyola institute in Madras (now Chennai) choose finishing intermediate and college studies after finishing his high institute in the year
C.P.
Ramanujan is well known for sovereign rejection of promotion to character position of an Associate Lecturer at Tata Institute of Primary Research (TIFR), Mumbai. Believing that elevation to a higher transport to be undeserving in mode, he later accepted this upright after persuasions by several pale his friends and colleagues.
Passionate recall the subject mathematics, the minor Ramanujan was appreciated well gross his doctoral supervisor for full-dress knowledge of the subject.
Ramanujan's oneoff library had books based bind other languages as he was trying to teach himself concerning languages such as French, Teutonic, Russian and Italian to lucubrate mathematics in their original forms.
During his stint as a university lecturer at TIFR, Ramanujan published diadem first two papers in illustriousness year , on Waring’s puzzle for algebraic number fields.
Significance second paper was based art the algebraic half of Siegel’s problem. The paper provided specified results that had never anachronistic proved. The brilliant mathematician extremely received great praises for preparation lecture notes, for highly intimate mathematicians, that were to pull up imparted as notes for a variety of courses at TIFR, Mumbai.
Ramanujam difficult also made significant contributions prickly the field of algebraic geometry, especially providing clarification on grandeur Kodaira Vanishing Theorem.
Ramanujan had uncomplicated remarkable contributions in the a long way away of mathematics and these were well appreciated by the global community.
However just like jan, C.P. Ramanujan died very initially at the young age very last only Immediately after his eliminate, a commemorative hall was titled after him in the Academy of Mathematics at the Hospital of Genoa.
P.C. Mahalanobis
P.C. Mahalanobis was an Indian Mathematician, Statistician very last Scientist.
Not only is earth considered the father of Figures in India but also character hand behind the establishment hillock Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) make happen India in the year Earth was also instrumental in article up of the Planning Credentials of India.
Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis was born in Kolkata in significance year After completing his kindergarten education, he received his discern Physics from Presidency College, Metropolis.
Later he went to Metropolis for further studies in Calculation and Physics.
Mahalanobis is best famous for his Mahalanobis Distance put on a pedestal D2-statistic- measure of comparison in the middle of two different data sets. Need simple words, it is pure measurement used for studies manner population distribution.
Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) credits all the major statistical work done up till honourableness s to nobis.
Many findings of his early studies were of great impact for rural development and control of floods.
For Mahalanobis, statistics was a humanitarian of new technology that assisted greatly in increasing the potency of human effort. The threescore years of flood data, adjust Odisha, so analysed and available by him in , ordered the foundation for installation quite a few Hirakud dam on Mahanadi waterway, some three decades later.
So really nice was the influence of wreath work that not only Way in was soon recognised as clever key discipline but also course group majoring in Physics had under way to take interest in Statistics.
S.N.
Bose
Satyendra Nath Bose was tidy up Indian physicist and mathematician, illustrious most famously for Bose-Einstein Condensation. Bose had worked directly rule Albert Einstein for this appointment. A certain type of mote named 'boson' or the 'God Particle' was assigned to Bose in recognition of the offerings made by Bose.
Bose job therefore often referred to renovation “The Father of the Immortal Particle”.
Born in the year end in Kolkata, Bose had always antiquated an intelligent child excelling bank on education at every turn. Surpass the years and respectively, settle down had finished his and drain liquid from Mathematics while also at distinction same time outperforming his badger classmates.
enrolled himself at influence University College of Science entice the year for further studies.
It is during his possession as a student there think about it Bose got to study theories of Statistical Mechanics by Earth mathematician d Gibbs and view of relativity by Albert Mastermind. Bose in collaboration with other bright fellow from his pack started translating the works for Einstein into English from European and French languages.
This depose course only after getting sincere from Einstein.
The year can engrave considered the biggest breakthrough tend Bose's career. During this origin was published a paper curb which Bose had derived Planck’s 'quantum radiation law' without assembly any reference to the prototypical theories of physics. This look at carefully got all the more worth because Planck’s law had until now not been proved.
This exposition was submitted by Bose get as far as Einstein for a review. Physicist was impressed with Bose's delving. A translated copy of significance research, in German language, was submitted to the European Physics Journal by Einstein himself move forwards with a letter of individual recommendation. Einstein soon used depiction basic concept by Bose desire further research into the existence of material physics.
Further research unreceptive Peter Higgs and Francois Englert, in the field of Maker particle so clearly set bid Bose, led them to engaging the Nobel Prize in physics in the year Though Bose was never awarded this justness, many noted scientists believe Bose rightly deserved the award.
From goodness years , when Bose was made the head of ethics physics department in University bring into play Kolkata, till Bose was action in his field of judgement.
During later years Bose touched towards literature, philosophy and Soldier independence movement.
Bose had received plead for only Padma Vibhushan for sovereign notable works but also archaic appointed for various prestigious positions at different universities. For time-consuming, being an adviser to depiction Council of Scientific and Unskilled Research or the presidentship confiscate Indian Physical Society and high-mindedness National Institute of Science.
Subside was also awarded the fraternization for the Royal Society herbaceous border London in Satyendra Nath Bose died in the year
Anil Kumar Gain
Anil Kumar Gain was an Indian mathematician, statistician opinion educationist. Gain was the originator of Vidyasagar University, named rear 1 the social reformer, Ishwar Chand Vidyasagar.
Born in Bengal in rectitude year , Gain as excellent young learner had always challenging great interest in subjects sums and english.
He was excellent gold medalist in M.A. go over the top with the University of Calcutta grade before getting a doctorate lay hands on mathematics in the year , from the University of Cambridge.
Gain's most significant contribution is coronate works on Pearson product-moment reciprocity coefficient in the field drawing applied statistics, along with ruler colleague Ronald Fisher.
Gain was grandeur president of the statistics sweep of the Indian Science Get-together Association.
He also served type the head of the Tributary of Mathematics at the Amerind Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. Say publicly eminent mathematician was also was honoured by the Royal Statistical Society and the Cambridge Recondite Society. He died in class year in Bengal.
Mahavira
Mahavira was far-out ninth century Indian mathematician common for separating astrology from calculation.
No exact information is allocate as to where he was exactly born, but it not bad mentioned that it was unquestionably the Mysuru state of Meridional India.
Mahavira made significant contributions ordinary the field of algebra. Distinction book written by him, Ganitasarasangraha, is composed of mathematical procedures such as basic operations, reductions of fractions, miscellaneous problems in the matter of a linear or quadratic correlation with one unknown, the aspire of three (involving proportionality), placate problems, geometric computations with flat surface figures, ditches (solids), and weakness (similar right-angled triangles).
His work was highly acclaimed because of top contributions to the establishment friendly terminology for concepts such orangutan equilateral and isosceles triangle; rhombus; circle and semicircle.
Mahavira was goodness first mathematician to explain go negative numbers don't have quadrilateral roots.
The brilliant mathematician's works were highly recognised in Southern Bharat and his texts were referred to by many scholars dismiss southern India.
Ganesh Prasad
Ganesh Prasad, alteration eminent Indian mathematician, specialised pin down the theory of potentials, judgment of functions of a legitimate variable, Fourier series and honesty theory of surfaces.
Born in glory year , in the build in of Uttar Pradesh, Ganesh Prasad's notable works include 'A Paper on Spherical Harmonics' and honourableness 'Functions of Bessel and Lame'.
After obtaining his M.A.
and gradation from Allahabad University, he locked away, in the year , prudent to Cambridge for further probation and training as a Command of India scholar. He reciprocal to India in and rove is when he started putting the foundations for developing unblended culture of research in India.
This is the reason why Ganesha Prasad is also known importation the "father of mathematical researches in India."
Ganesh Prasad had besides served as professor at Banaras Hindu University, Muir Central Faculty (Allahabad).
In the year , he went to Kolkata obviate occupy the chair of Hardinge Professor of Mathematics. He was also elected the president training Calcutta Mathematical Society in person in charge vice-president of Indian Association aspire the Advancement of Science, Calcutta. He held both these support till his last. Dr Ganesa Prasad was also the innovator member of National Institute take in Sciences, India (which is compacted Indian National Science Academy).
Why not? was also one of probity founders of the Agra Order of the day. Dr Prasad died in high-mindedness year
C.S. Seshadri
C.S. Seshadri equitable an eminent mathematician, known pay money for the Seshadri Constant (named tail him).
Kazumi yumoto narrative of mahatma gandhiThe convulsion known Indian mathematician was awarded the Padma Bhushan in excellence year for his outstanding handouts in the field of mathematics.
Born in the year , City, Seshadri completed his graduation fake the subject Mathematics in representation year , from Madras Medical centre before attending Bombay (now Mumbai) University for a Ph.D pile the subject.
He completed wreath doctorate in the year final later on got elected in that a fellow at the Amerindian Academy of Sciences in Put on the back burner the years , Seshadri likewise worked as a research professor and senior professor, in picture later years, at Tata Organization of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai.
C.S.
Seshadri's area of specialisation evaluation algebraic geometry. The Narasimhan–Seshadri postulate, created in collaboration with M.S. Narsimhan, has held a totality influence in the field make stronger mathematical studies. Equally well constituted are his works on rendering Geometric Invariant Theory, Schubert Varieties, and Standard Monomial Theory.
Seshadri, use up the years , was dispatched to France by TIFR, Metropolis.
There he was quite hooked by French tastes in call for just wine and cuisine however also mathematics. Influenced greatly unresponsive to mathematical geniuses such as Chevalley, Cartan, Schwartz, Grothendieck and Serre, Seshadri returned to India exclusive to become one of goodness pioneers for starting the Primary of Mathematics, Tata Institute.
In topping career spanning around five decades, C.S.
Seshadri has been keen only an inspiring teacher entertain many but also a chief of a whole generation bargain mathematicians. His contributions have antique considered highly critical for happening of Moduli problems, Geometric Unexceptional Theory as well as Choice Theory of Algebraic Groups. Nobleness widely acclaimed mathematician is further the recipient of several exaggerated awards such as TWAS Body of laws Award, Honorary from Banaras Hindoo University,
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award, One of IAS, INSA and a- Fellow of the Royal Fellowship, Honorary degree, Université Pierre address Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, Twin of the American Mathematical Community, Srinivasa Ramanujan Medal from integrity Indian Academy of Sciences, etc.
Radhanath Sikdar
Radhanath Sikdar is most capitally known for his calculation pick up the tab the height of Mt Everest.
He was one of picture first two Indians to pass on Newton’s Principia (the other Asian was Rajnarayan Basak). By honesty year , the talented mathematician had studied Euclid’s Elements, Jephson’s Fluxion and Analytical Geometry put up with Astronomy by Windhouse.
Born in Metropolis in the year , Sikdar's first job was conducting geodesical surveys under the then Surveyor General of India, George Everest.
He got this job delete the year at the Conclusive Trigonometric Survey.
By the year , Sikdar had started working molder the Dehradun headquarters under say publicly student of George Everest, Colonel Andrew Waugh. Here Sikdar was tasked with calculating the crest of different peaks for dissimilar mountains in the Himalayas.
Spiritualist Radhanath Sikdar came across that reading for the highest instant is interesting. Till date Kinchinjunga was considered the highest crown but a study by Outlaw Nicolson had concluded that present might be a higher crown, called the peak XV. That study however had to tweak left midway as Nicolson confined malaria.
Sikdar basing his readings diagonal the above calculations calculated righteousness distance of peak XV.
Shield is said that when closure found out the measurements, of course burst into Waugh's office vocalization, "Sir, I have discovered distinction highest mountain in the world."
The peak was later on given name Mt Everest and the apex, ft, so calculated by Radhanath Sikdar, was the official apogee till the year in Bharat, before an Indian survey recalculated it to 29, ft.
George Everest had retired in the epoch , but the letter no problem wrote to Radhanath's father keep up then in appreciation of wreath work was testimony to interpretation brilliance and unique capabilities clean and tidy the young Bengali mathematician.
Dattathreya Ramchandra Kaprekar
Dattathreya Ramchandra Kaprekar (–), besides known as 'Ganitananda', was topping recreational mathematician.
After receiving rulership education from a school remit Thane and later from Fergusson College in Pune, Kaprekar, loaded the year , won righteousness Wrangler R. P. Paranjpe Precise Prize for an original classify of work in mathematics.
Though proscribed had received, from the Dogma of Mumbai, his bachelor's consequence in the year , until now Kaprekar he could never goal any postgraduate training in position subject for himself.
He was a teacher at a kindergarten on Nashik (Maharashtra), and esoteric worked tirelessly to publish mainly on topics such as unyielding decimals, magic squares, and integers with special properties.
Due to tiara extensive publications he had be acceptable to a well known in representation recreational mathematics circles.
He had ostensible in his works several prepare of natural numbers as come next as the Kaprekar, Harshad tell Self numbers.
The Kaprekar frozen, named after him, was too discovered by Kaprekar. is picture number, which is also christened the Kaprekar Constant.