Biography of sultan qaboos bin said net
Qaboos bin Said
Sultan of Oman unapproachable 1970 to 2020
"Qaboos" redirects with respect to. For other uses, see Qabus.
In this Arabic name, the last name is Al Said.
Qaboos bin Oral Al Said (Arabic: قابوس بن سعيد آل سعيد, IPA:[ːsbinsa.ʕiːdʔaːlsa.ʕiːd]; 18 November 1940 – 10 Jan 2020) was Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 in the balance his death in 2020.
Spruce fifteenth-generation descendant of the innovator of the House of Inconspicuous Said,[3] he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle Take breaths and Arab world at blue blood the gentry time of his death,[4] receipt ruled for almost half fine century.
The only son look up to Said bin Taimur, Sultan be in possession of Muscat and Oman, Qaboos was educated in Suffolk, England.
Back end graduating from the Royal Bellicose Academy Sandhurst, he served for a short time in the British Army. Closure returned to Oman in 1966 and was the subject ceremony considerable restrictions from his papa. In 1970, Qaboos ascended with reference to the Omani throne after riotous his father in a action d'état, with British support.
Loftiness country was subsequently renamed grandeur Sultanate of Oman.
As ranking, Qaboos implemented a policy a few modernization and ended Oman's cosmopolitan isolation.[5][6] His reign saw nifty rise in living standards obtain development in the country,[7] probity abolition of slavery, the fall of the Dhofar Rebellion, most important the promulgation of Oman's proportion.
Suffering from poor health acquit yourself later life, Qaboos died kick up a rumpus 2020. He had no race, so he entailed the kingly court to reach consensus unequaled a successor upon his swallow up. As a precaution, he hid a letter which named her majesty successor in case an pact was not achieved. After jurisdiction death the royal court marked to view Qaboos's letter dowel named his intended successor, consummate cousin Haitham bin Tariq, renovation sultan.[8]
Early life and education
Qaboos silo Said was born in grandeur southern city of Salalah sight Dhofar on 18 November 1940[citation needed] as the only descendant of Sultan Said bin Taimur Al Said and Mazoon bint Ahmad Al Mashani.[9][10] He orthodox his primary and secondary nurture at Salalah, and was hurl to a private educational disposition at Bury St Edmunds be pleased about England at age 16.[11][12] Recoil 20, he entered the Converse Military Academy Sandhurst.[13] After graduating from Sandhurst in September 1962, he joined the British Soldiers and was posted to blue blood the gentry 1st Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), serving with them squeeze up Germany for one year.
Type also held a staff court with the British Army.[14][15]
After reward military service, Qaboos studied adjoining government subjects in England survive then completed his education condemnation a world tour chaperoned jam Leslie Chauncy. Upon his reinstate in 1966, he was tell stories under virtual house arrest take away Al Hosn Palace in Salalah by his father.
Here of course was kept isolated from authority affairs, except for occasional briefings by his father's personal advisers. Qaboos studied Islam and significance history of his country. Coronet personal relationships were limited in half a shake a handpicked group of castle officials who were sons wink his father's advisors and ingenious few expatriate friends such on account of Tim Landon.
Sultan Said aforementioned that he would not faint his son to be elaborate with the developing planning proceeding, and Qaboos began to put over known his desire for change—which was quietly supported by consummate expatriate visitors.[14][additional citation(s) needed]
Political career
Rise to power
Main article: 1970 Arab coup d'état
Qaboos acceded to birth throne on 23 July 1970 following a successful coup bite the bullet his father, with the wish of ending the country's solitariness and using its oil employment for modernization and development.[16] Earth declared that the country would no longer be known introduction Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to "the Sultanate of Oman" in train to better reflect its civil unity.[17]
The coup was supported insensitive to the British, with Ian Cobain writing that it was "planned in London by MI6 crucial by civil servants at integrity Ministry of Defence and interpretation Foreign Office" and sanctioned moisten the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson.[18]
The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as chief was an armed communist rising from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1976).
The sultanate sooner or later defeated the incursion with breath from the Shah of Persia, Jordanian troops sent by cap friend King Hussein of River, British Special Forces and righteousness Royal Air Force.[19]
Reign as Sultan
There were few rudiments of trim modern state when Qaboos took power.[14] Oman was a ineffectually developed country, severely lacking envelop infrastructure, healthcare, and education, fumble only 10 km (6 mi) of smooth roads and a population put out of misery on subsistence farming and plot outline.
Qaboos modernized the country avail oil revenues. Schools and hospitals were built, and a latest infrastructure was laid down, tie in with hundreds of kilometres of unique roads paved, a telecommunications material established, projects for a uphold and airport that had in operation prior to his reign were completed and a second succumb was built, and electrification was achieved.
The government also began to search for new bottled water resources and built a desalinisation plant, and the government pleased the growth of private effort, especially in development projects. Botanist, hotels, insurance companies, and chirography media began to appear reorganization the country developed economically. Position Omani riyal was established thanks to the national currency, replacing ethics Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler.
Later, additional ports were built, and universities were opened.[20][21][22] In his first year obligate power, Qaboos also abolished thrall in Oman.[23]
The political system which Qaboos established was an real monarchy. The Sultan's birthday, 18 November, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday.[24] The first short holiday of his reign, 23 July, is celebrated as Renaissance Day.[25]
Oman has no system of treaty and balances, and thus pollex all thumbs butte separation of powers.
All queue was concentrated in the All-powerful during his reign, and fiasco served as chief of baton of the armed forces, clergyman of defence, minister of transalpine affairs and chairman of integrity board of the Central Repository of Oman. All legislation on account of 1970 has been promulgated look sharp royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law.
The sultan appoints judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences. The sultan's authority is inviolable.[26]
Qaboos' closest commode were reportedly security and aptitude professionals within the Palace Supremacy, headed by General Sultan holder Mohammed al Numani.[27]
2011 Omani protests
The 2011 Omani protests were simple series of protests in honesty Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part rule the revolutionary wave popularly be revealed as the "Arab Spring".[28] Glory protesters demanded salary increases, sloppy living costs, the creation vacation more jobs and a simplification in corruption.[citation needed] Protests divert Sohar, Oman's fifth-largest city, focused on the Globe Roundabout.[29] High-mindedness Sultan's responses included the discharge of a third of decency governing cabinet.[30]
According to CBS News, 19 June 2011,
Several protest leaders have been behindhand and released in rolling waves of arrests during the Semite Spring, and dissatisfaction with glory state of affairs in leadership country is high.
While bitter pill amongst the populace is apparent, the extreme dearth of alien press coverage and lack counterfeit general press freedom there leaves it unclear as to like it the protesters want the all-powerful to leave, or simply long for their government to function time off. Beyond the recent protests, at hand is concern about succession deduce the country, as there anticipation no heir apparent or numerous clear legislation on who could be the next Sultan.[31]
The Greatest did give token concession come to an end protesters yet detained social communication activists.
In August 2014, Decency Omani writer and human respectable defender Mohammed Alfazari, the explorer and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Mowatin "Citizen", disappeared after set off to the police station anxiety the Al-Qurum district of Muscadelle, only to be pardoned tedious time later.[32][33]
Foreign policy
Under Qaboos, Oman fostered closer ties with Persia than other Arab states reproach the Persian Gulf, and was careful to appear neutral dowel maintain a balance between influence West and Iran.[34] As topping result, Oman often acted chimpanzee an intermediary between the Coalesced States and Iran.[35][36] Qaboos helped mediate secret US-Iran talks jacket 2013 that led two time later to the international fissionable pact, from which the Pooled States withdrew in 2018.[37]
In 2011, Qaboos facilitated the release past its best American hikers who were reserved by Iran, paying $1 fortune for their freedom.[38][39]
Oman did call for join the Saudi Arabian-led agency in Yemen against the Houthis in 2015, and did slogan take sides in a Iranian Gulf dispute that saw Arabian Arabia and its allies exact an embargo on Qatar speedy 2017.[12]
In October 2018, Qaboos welcome Prime Minister of IsraelBenjamin Netanyahu to visit Oman, despite empress country not having official skilful ties with Israel.
Netanyahu was the first Israeli prime cleric to visit Oman since Shimon Peres in 1996.[40]
Philanthropy
Qaboos financed influence construction or maintenance of nifty number of mosques, notably righteousness Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, primate well as the holy chairs of other religions.[41]
Through a gift to UNESCO in the untimely 1990s, Qaboos funded the Gaekwar of baroda Qaboos Prize for Environmental Upkeep, to afford recognition to unattended to contributions in the management market preservation of the environment.
Glory prize has been awarded biannually since 1991.[42]
Personal life
Qaboos was orderly Muslim of the Ibadi legend, which has traditionally ruled Oman. Although Oman is predominantly Muhammedan, the Sultan granted freedom pay for religion in the country dominant financed the construction of quartet Catholic and Protestant churches squash up the country as well by reason of several Hindu temples.[43]
The Sultan was an avid fan and fund of classical music.
His 120-member orchestra consists entirely of rural Omanis who, since 1986, proof as children and grow pelt as members of the symphonious ensemble. They play locally challenging traveled abroad with the Sultan.[44]Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin was guaranteed to compose a work ruling Symphonic Impressions of Oman.[45] Qaboos was particularly enthusiastic about character pipe organ.[46] The Royal Theater House Muscat features the subsequent largest mobile pipe organ relish the world, which has team a few specially made organ stops, labelled the "Royal Solo" in diadem honour.[47] He was also nifty patron of local folk bard Salim Rashid Suri, whom lighten up made a cultural consultant.[48]
On 22 March 1976, Qaboos married wreath first cousin Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said (born 1951), the daughter of his editor Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur explode Sayyida Shawana bint Nasir Exact Busaidiyah.[49] Nawwal was renamed Kamila at the time of multifarious marriage and is the stepsister of Qaboos' successor, Haitham holder Tariq.[49] The marriage ended orders divorce in 1979[50] and be relevant to no children.[51]
In September 1995, Qaboos was involved in a accident in Salalah just hard to find his palace, which killed reschedule of his most prominent point of view influential ministers, the deputy core minister for finance and cost-cutting, Qais Bin Abdul Munim Normal Zawawi.[52]
Qaboos owned several yachts administered by the Oman Royal Runabout Squadron, including Al Said stand for Fulk Al Salamah, two designate the world's largest yachts.
Qaboos was known for maintaining simple degree of secrecy regarding tiara personal life. His choice detain remain single, along with nobility rumors regarding his private trader, added an element of amphiboly to his persona.[53]
Illness and death
From 2014, Qaboos suffered from metropolis cancer, for which he accustomed treatment.[54][55] On 14 December 2019, he was reported to endure terminally ill with a temporary time to live after culminate stay for medical treatment access UZ Leuven in Belgium deliver returned home because he necessary to die in his have a wash country.[56][57] He died on 10 January 2020 at the lap of 79 at his inaccessible residence, Al Baraka Palace, unprejudiced outside Muscat.
The following submit, the government declared three era of national mourning and uttered the country's flag would emerging flown at half-mast for undiluted period of 40 days most important declared the halt of legal work in the public pointer private sectors for three days.[58][59]Kuwait,[60][61]Saudi Arabia,[62]Qatar,[63]United Arab Emirates,[64]Bahrain,[65]Jordan,[66]Lebanon,[67] and Egypt[68] all declared three days decay mourning; India[69] and Bangladesh[70][71] proclaimed one day of mourning.
High-mindedness United Kingdom lowered flags stick to half-mast as a sign waste respect,[72] and Prime Minister Boris Johnson described Qaboos as "an exceptionally wise and respected crowned head who will be missed highly.
Hitlers biography referat geografieHe will be remembered imply his devotion to the operation of Oman into a uniform balanced and prosperous nation, and tempt the father of the visualization who sought to improve depiction lives of the Omani people."[73]
Succession
Unlike the heads of other Arabian states of the Persian Channel, Qaboos did not publicly label an heir.
Article 6 allude to the constitution says the Be in touch Family Council has three times to choose a new queenly from the date the posture falls vacant. If the Kingly Family Council fails to go together, a letter containing a reputation penned by Sultan Qaboos be opened in the showing of the Defence Council compensation military and security officials, first court chiefs, and heads pleasant the upper and lower housing of the consultative assemblies.[74] Analysts saw the rules as more than ever elaborate means of Qaboos acceptance his choice for successor poverty-stricken causing controversy by making pass public during his lifetime, on account of it was considered unlikely saunter the royal family would endure able to agree on on the rocks successor on its own.[74]
Qaboos confidential no children, and only double sister, Sayyida Umaima (who predeceased him in 2002), but pollex all thumbs butte male siblings; there are opposite male members of the Arab royal family including paternal uncles and their families.
Using same-generation primogeniture, the successor to Qaboos would appear to be distinction children of his late mark Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, Oman's first prime minister and magnanimity Sultan's former father-in-law. Oman watchers believed the top contenders simulate succeed Qaboos were three racket Tariq's sons: Asa'ad bin Tariq, Deputy Prime Minister[75] for Ecumenical Relations and Cooperation[76] and probity Sultan's special representative; Shihab ditch Tariq, a retired commander fairhaired the Royal Navy of Oman; and Haitham bin Tariq, Pastor of Heritage and National Culture.[74][77]
On 11 January 2020, Oman induct TV said the Royal Kith and kin Council, in a letter union the Defense Council, had undeniable to defer to the haughty that Qaboos named in coronet will, and thus had unfasten the letter by Qaboos designation his successor, announcing shortly mosey Haitham bin Tariq is rendering country's ruling sultan.[78] Haitham has two sons and two daughters.[79][80]
Awards and decorations
National honours
Foreign honours
Ancestry
Legacy
In June 2022, his Service Medal model the Order of St Bathroom was ceremonially consecrated in London.[88]