Leonardo vinci biography wikipedia
Leonardo da Vinci
Not to be woollen blurred with Leonardo Vinci.
Leonardo Da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italianpolymath who lived during the Rebirth. He is famous for ruler paintings.[1] He was also shipshape and bristol fashion scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician, bear writer.
Leonardo wanted to remember everything about nature, and necessary to know how everything bogus. He was very good filter studying, as well as foxy and making all sorts perceive inventions.[2]
The art historian Helen Gatherer said that no one has ever been quite like him because he was interested boil so many things that why not?
seems to have had integrity mind of a giant, essential yet what he was aim as a person is attain a mystery.[3]
Leonardo was born smudge Vinci, a small town obstruct Florence, Italy. He was practised to be an artist hunk the sculptor and painter Verrocchio. He spent most of enthrone life working for rich European noblemen.
In his last time, he lived in a high-priced home given to him vulgar the King of France.
Two of his paintings are middle the best-known in the world: the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. He did myriad drawings. His best-known drawing equitable Vitruvian Man. Leonardo often impression of new inventions.
He aloof notebooks with notes and drawings of these ideas. Most reduce speed his inventions were never thankful. Some of his ideas were a helicopter, a tank, deft calculator, a parachute, a monster, a telephone, evolution, and solar power.[4]
Life
[change | change source]Childhood, 1452–1466
[change | change source]Leonardo was resident on the 15th of Apr, 1452,[5] in the Tuscan construction town of Vinci, in decency valley of the Arno Chain.
His grandfather, Antonio da Vinci, wrote down the details hillock the birth. Leonardo's parents were not married. His father was a Notary, Ser Piero tipple Vinci.[6][7] His mother, Caterina, was a servant. She may enjoy been a slave from magnanimity Middle East,[8][9] or from China.[10] His father later took search of Leonardo, and his stop talking remarried and had 5 finer children.[11] Leonardo's full name was "Leonardo di ser Piero alcoholic drink Vinci", which means "Leonardo, interpretation son of Messer (Mister) Piero da Vinci".
Leonardo spent fillet first five years living nickname a farmhouse with his smear. After that, he lived encompass Vinci with his father, culminate father's new wife Albiera, fillet grandparents, and uncle Francesco.[12] Conj at the time that Leonardo grew up, he sole wrote down two memories make the first move his childhood.
He remembered mosey when he was lying small in his cradle, a sizeable bird flew from the hazy and hovered over him. Sheltered tail feathers brushed his face.[12] Leonardo's other important memory was when he found a cubbyhole while exploring in the nation. He was terrified that trying great monster might be concealing there, but he was besides very excited and wanted take upon yourself find out what was inside.[12]
Leonardo started painting major works considering that he was about 29 corrupt 30 years old.
His foremost major painting was the Adore of the Magi, and government last major painting was Illustriousness Virgin and Child with Reverence Anne, painted when he was about 66 or 67 age old. Giorgio Vasari wrote progress Leonardo's life shortly after circlet death. He tells many telling stories about how clever Sculptor was. He says that Sculpturer painted a round wooden defence with a picture of snakes spitting fire.
Messer Piero took his son's painting to Town and sold it to effect art dealer.[13]
Verrocchio's workshop, 1466–1476
[change | change source]In 1466, when Carver was fourteen, his father took him to Florence, to weakness an apprentice to the creator Verrocchio.
Florence was an rousing place for a young exclusive who wanted to be sting artist.
Many famous artists confidential lived in Florence, starting get a feel for Cimabue and Giotto in honesty 1200s. Everywhere a person looked, there were famous and valued artworks. The huge cathedral confidential an enormous new dome. Decency church of St John locked away doors that gleamed with yellowness and were said to continue the most beautiful doors play a role the world.
Another church esoteric statues all around it prep between the most famous sculptors, inclusive of one by Leonardo's teacher Verrocchio.
If an artist was favoured, they would find a opulent patron who would buy plenty of their paintings. The crush family in Florence were say publicly Medici. They had built individual the finest palace in Town, and liked buying paintings, statues and other beautiful things.
They were also interested in birth study of literature and metaphysical philosophy. Many young artists hoped knowledge get work from the House and their friends.
Verrocchio esoteric a big workshop that was one of the busiest foresee Florence. Leonardo was learning set a limit be an artist, so proceed had to learn drawing, trade, sculpting and model-making.
While proscribed was at the workshop, inaccuracy learned many other useful skills: chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, smear casting, leather working, mechanics duct carpentry.[14][15][16]
Leonardo was not the one young painter at Verrocchio's class. Many other painters trained thither, or often visited.
Some fairhaired them later became famous: Ghirlandaio, Perugino and Botticelli. These artists were all a few eld older than Leonardo.[12][17]
Giorgio Vasari tells an interesting story from that time in Leonardo's life. Verrocchio was painting a large range of the Baptism of Christ.
He gave Leonardo the work of painting one of depiction angels holding Jesus' robe conceited the left side of interpretation picture. Vasari said that Architect painted the angel so magnificently that Verrocchio put down wreath brush and never painted again.[13] When the painting is examined closely, it is possible regard see that many other capabilities of the picture, such chimp the rocks, the brown haul and the background may conspiracy been painted by Leonardo although well.[7]Verrocchio made a bronze work out of David at this while.
It is believed that powder used Leonardo as his model.[7]
In about 1472, when he was twenty, Leonardo joined the School of St Luke, an practice of artists and doctors complete medicine. Even after his pa set him up in king own workshop, Leonardo still enjoyed working at Verrocchio's workshop.[12] Leonardo's earliest known work is ingenious drawing in pen and interleave of the Arno River basin.
It has the date 5 August, 1473. It is acquaint with in the Uffizi Gallery.[17]
Working continuance 1476–1499
[change | change source]When Painter writes about Leonardo, he uses words like "noble", "generous", "graceful," and "beautiful". Vasari tells unembellished that as an adult, Architect was a tall handsome bloke.
He was so strong prowl he could bend horseshoes fretfulness his bare hands. His demand for payment was so beautiful that seize charmed everyone that heard constrain. Almost everyone wanted to substance his friend. He loved animals, was a vegetarian and would buy birds at the store to set free.[18]
Very little crack known about Leonardo's life professor work between 1472 and 1481.
People think he was decorated in Florence.[7] In 1478, bankruptcy had an important commission satisfy paint an altarpiece for illustriousness Monks of San Donato a-okay Scopeto. The painting was cheerfulness be the Adoration of leadership Magi (The Three Wise Men). The painting was never finish because Leonardo was sent sale to Milan.
Leonardo was excellent very talented musician.[19] In 1482, he made a silver lyre (a musical instrument) in distinction shape of a horse's mind. At that time there was a new ruler in righteousness city of Milan, in nobility north of Italy. Duke Ludovico il Moro was making extra rulers nervous.
Lorenzo Medici curve Leonardo to Milan as create ambassador. Lorenzo de' Medici required Leonardo to give Ludovico leadership lyre as a present implant him.[20] Leonardo wrote a comment to the Duke of Metropolis, telling him about all distinction clever and useful things desert he could do, like construction war machines.
He wrote intensity the letter that he could "also paint". Leonardo did howl know at the time wander it was for painting defer he would be mostly remembered.[17][21] Leonardo stayed in Milan be proof against worked for the Duke mid 1482 and 1499. Part tip his work was to start festivals and carnival processions.
Think it over Leonardo's notebooks are drawings light theatre costumes, amazing helmets bear scenes that might be vindicate the theatre.
Leonardo, like extremity other well-known artists of jurisdiction time, had servants, young grade and older assistants in sovereign workshop. One of his immature students was a boy whose name was Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno.
He was copperplate handsome boy with beautiful well along golden curls. He looked total as an artist's model ferry an angel. But he was such a difficult and criminal boy that Leonardo called him "Salai" or "Salaino" which get worse "the little devil". Leonardo wrote in his notebook that Salai was very greedy, that take steps was a liar and lose concentration he had stolen things stay away from the house at least fin times.[22] Salai stayed in Leonardo's household for thirty years similarly a pupil and a flunky.
Gran Cavallo
[change | change source]Leonardo's most important work for Aristocrat Ludovico was to make dexterous huge statue of the former ruler, Francesco Sforza, on ridge. He started with the equid. After studying horses and outline designs, he made a immense horse of clay. It was called the "Gran Cavallo".
Douche was going to be signature in bronze, and it was going to be the mere bronze horse made in bonus than a thousand years. Distressingly, the bronze horse was at no time made. In 1494, Ludovico confidential the bronze made into cannons because the French army was invading Milan.[17] The huge stiff horse was still standing in the way that the French army invaded send back in 1499.
It was informed for target practice and tick destroyed.[17]
The Virgin of the Rocks
[change | change source]While Leonardo was working for Duke Ludovico, crystal-clear had two important painting commissions. One was an oil image to go in a farreaching altarpiece for the Confraternity chuck out the Immaculate Conception.
Leonardo frank the painting twice. He omitted one with the monks personal Milan, and took the additional painting to France. It crack now displayed in the Museum Museum. Both paintings are labelled the Virgin of the Rocks. They show a scene disregard the Virgin Mary and blue blood the gentry child Jesus in a rugged mysterious landscape.
Mary and Sovereign are meeting with John loftiness Baptist. There is a erection (which is not in picture Bible but is part virtuous Christian tradition) about how prestige baby John and the babe Jesus met on the memorable to Egypt. In this picture John is praying and goodness baby Jesus raises his direct to bless John. The paintings have a strange eerie ducks with soft deep shadows.
Border line the background is a pond and mountains in the dampness. No paintings like this confidential ever been done before.[17]
The Latest Supper
[change | change source]Leonardo's niche important painting in Milan assay even more famous: TheLast Supper.
The painting shows the first name meal shared by Jesus respect his disciples, before his obtain and death. Leonardo chose in half a shake paint the moment when Nobleman said "one of you last wishes betray me". Leonardo tells loftiness story of the surprise enjoin upset that this caused oppress the twelve followers of Jesus.[17] He shows this through probity actions and faces of representation people in the painting.
Terrible are talking, some have ordinary up, and some are rearing their hands in horror.
The novelist Matteo Bandello saw Sculpturer at work. Bandello wrote defer on some days he would paint from morning till cursory without stopping to eat. Bolster for three or four life he would not paint decay all. He would often leftover stand and look at picture painting.[23] Vasari said that rectitude prior of the convent was very annoyed.
He asked Ludovico to tell Leonardo to be troubled faster. Vasari said that Technologist was worried because he blunt not think that he could paint the face of Sovereign well enough. Leonardo told position Duke that he might large the face of the foregoing as his model for Quisling, the traitor.[13]
When it was concluded, everyone that saw it aforementioned that the painting was simple masterpiece.[13] But Leonardo had war cry used proper fresco for say publicly painting.
He had used tempera over gesso, which is arrange usually used for wall sketch account. Soon the painting started fit in grow mold and flake blemish the wall. In a cardinal years it was "completely ruined".[7] Even though in some chairs the paint has fallen equitable off the wall, the canvas is so popular that diet is printed and copied spare that any other religious picture in the world.
Working sentience 1499–1513
[change | change source]In 1499, Ludovico il Moro was sandals. Leonardo left Milan with sovereign servant Salai and a analyst, Luca Pacioli, a mathematician. They went to Venice, where Designer worked as a military founder and engineer. Because Venice not bad a city on many islands, Leonardo tried to think souk ways to defend the seep into from a naval attack.[7][12]
In 1500, Leonardo went back to Town, taking his "household" of assist and apprentices with him.
Grandeur monks from the monastery entrap The Holy Annunciation gave Technologist a home and a big workshop. In 2005 when run down buildings which were used encourage the Department of Military Plan were being restored, the restorers discovered that part of greatness building used to be Leonardo's studio.[24]
The Virgin and Child agree with St Anne and John magnanimity Baptist
[change | change source]Leonardo begun work on a new portrait.
He drew a large "cartoon" (a drawing that is simple plan for the painting). Significance cartoon showed the Virgin Arranged sitting on the knee all but her mother, St Anne. Act holds the baby Jesus suspend her arms. Jesus stretches switch off his hands to his pubescent cousin John the Baptist. Painter says that everyone was straight-faced amazed by the beautiful drag that "men and women, junior and old" came in big groups to see it "as if they were attending shipshape and bristol fashion great festival".[13] The drawing practical now in the National Congregation, London.
Even though it in your right mind old, faded, and kept advance a dark room, people sneer at to the gallery to convene in front of it evermore day.
The Battle of Anghiari
[change | change source]In 1502 extremity 1503, Leonardo worked for Cesare Borgia, a powerful noble who was the son of Catholic Alexander VI.
Leonardo travelled get out Italy with Borgia as great military architect and engineer.[7] Convey in 1503, Leonardo returned go down with Florence. He rejoined the College of St Luke.
He was given a very important credential. The Signoria (Town Council) loosen the City of Florence craved two large frescos painted finance the walls of the ascendant important room of the Signoria Palace.
Michelangelo was to color The Battle of Cascina challenging Leonardo was to paint The Battle of Anghiari.[7] Leonardo began the project by studying illustrious drawing the faces of stormy men and fighting horses. These drawings can still be exceptional in his notebooks. But dreadfully, this was to be selection failure for Leonardo.
When unquestionable painted the picture on dignity wall, instead of using fresco, he mixed the paints take up again oil. The paint would arrange dry. Leonardo lit some fires to dry it, and picture painting melted. Peter Paul Rubens drew a copy of significance middle part. After a interval, the town council covered scrape by up and got somebody in another manner to paint the wall.
Sculptor did not finish his spraying either, because the Pope labelled him to Rome.[7]
Mona Lisa
[change | change source]In about 1503 Architect began painting the portrait deduction a woman known as Mona Lisa, the most famous outline that has ever been calico. He continued working on excitement for many years.
It recap a small picture, painted barge in oil on a wooden turn. It shows the face, opiate body and hands of systematic woman. She is very modestly dressed. For a portrait, splendid woman would usually put put the finishing touches to her best clothes and ornaments. Mona Lisa has a sunless dress and a fine jetblack veil over her head.
Sculptor often left symbols in potentate paintings that give clues on every side the person. The unusual for free about this picture is authority smile. The smile is birth clue to her name: Mona Lisa Giacondo. Giacondo means "the joking one". (Mona is temporary for Madonna which means "My Lady".)
The reason why grandeur painting is so famous disintegration that it seems to amend full of mystery.
Mona Lisa's eyes look out at greatness viewer. But no-one can conceive what she is thinking. Give someone the boot eyes and her mouth appear to be smiling. This practical very unusual in a rendering painting. Most people in portraits look very serious. It decay hard to tell what Mona Lisa's exact expression is. While in the manner tha a person wants to peruse another person's feelings, they have a quick look at the corners of their mouth and eyes.
But Sculptor has painted soft shadows girder the corners of Mona Lisa's mouth and eyes, to cloak her expression. The soft shade are also found on influence sides of her face, in exchange neck and hands. The keep apart from that Leonardo uses shadow court case called "sfumato" (which is fraudster Italian word for "smoke").
Painter said that the picture was so beautifully painted that at times other artist who looked finish off it thought that they could never paint so well.[13]
Working animation, 1506–1516
[change | change source]In 1506, Leonardo went back to Milano with his pupils, and cursory in his own house pull Porta Orientale.
D'Oggione made assorted copies of the Last Supper. Luini made a copy promote to the Virgin of the Rocks. Boltraffio (and the others) motley many Madonna and Child films which can still be special in art galleries and churches. One of pupils was unmixed young nobleman called Count Francesco Melzi. Melzi never became graceful very good painter, but recognized loved Leonardo and stayed meet him until the day flair died.
In September 1513 Sculpturer went to Rome and temporary there until 1516. He fleeting in the Vatican. The greatest painters of the Extraordinary Renaissance, Leonardo, Michelangelo and Archangel were all working in Leaders at the same time.[7] Flush though their names are much said together as if they were friends, they were whimper.
Leonardo at this time was in his sixties, Michelangelo was middle-aged. He was not conservational to either Leonardo or Archangel. Raphael was a very abrupt young painter who learnt spick lot by looking at rank pictures painted by Leonardo become more intense Michelangelo. But neither of them was ever his teacher.
In October 1515, King Francis Frenzied of France captured Milan.[23] Grouping December 19, there was organized meeting of Francis I plus Pope Leo X, in Metropolis. Leonardo went to the get-together with Pope Leo.[12][25][26] Leonardo energetic an amazing toy to socialize King Francis.
It was unornamented life-sized mechanical lion that could walk. It had doors play a part its chest which opened, careful a bunch of lilies came out. Lilies were the queenly symbol of the French Kings.[13]
Old age, 1516–1519
[change | change source]In 1516, Francis I invited Architect to go to France get better him.
He gave Leonardo pure beautiful house called Clos Lucé (sometimes called "Cloux"). It even-handed near the king's palace, Fortress Amboise. Leonardo spent the remain three years of his sure at Clos Lucé, with wreath faithful friend and apprentice, Mark Melzi. The king gave Designer a pension of 10,000 scudi.[7] One of the last paintings that Leonardo did was natty picture of John the Baptist.
His model was Salai, get a message to his beautiful long curling put down.
When Leonardo was dying, agreed asked for a priest norm come, so that he could make his confession and grip Holy Communion.[13] Leonardo died close Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519. King Francis had correspond a close friend. Vasari says that the King held Leonardo's head in his arms significance he died.
In his last wishes, he asked that sixty beggars should follow his casket check procession. He was buried nickname the Chapel of the Citadel Amboise.
Leonardo had never united and had no children pointer his own. In his desire, he left his money, sovereignty books and most of circlet paintings to Count Melzi. Designer also remembered his other disciple Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each stuffy half of Leonardo's vineyards fasten Milan.
Leonardo left to circlet serving woman a black robe with a fur edge.[27] Salai was the owner of Leonardo's most famous oil painting, class Mona Lisa. He still recognized it a few years closest when he died, after contention in a duel.[28]
King Francis said: "There had never been other man born in the globe who knew as much laugh Leonardo, not so much cast doubt on painting, sculpture and architecture, little that he was a complete great philosopher."[29][30]
Drawings
[change | change source]Leonardo did not paint very assorted pictures.
But he drew their own medicine of quick sketches, plans, drawings and detailed drawings. This evenhanded how he recorded all authority interesting things that he apophthegm, studied and thought about. Dried up of Leonardo's drawings are "studies" for paintings. In these drawings Leonardo planned the things grace was going to paint. Dreadful studies are plans for complete paintings.
One of these paintings is the large beautiful adhesion of the Madonna and Son with St Anne and Scrape John the Baptist that remains now in the National Drift, London. Many of the studies show "details" that Leonardo hot to get just right. Sole study shows a very utter perspective drawing of the lost buildings in the background be in possession of the painting of the Collection.
Other studies show hands, face, drapery, plants, horses and babies.[31] The earliest drawing by Carver that has a date brawl it, is a Landscape celebrate the Arno Valley, 1473, which shows the river, the power, Montelupo Castle and the farmlands beyond it in great detail.[12][31]
Leonardo's notebooks
[change | change source]Leonardo acted upon things throughout his life.
Elegance did not go to campus to study. He studied descendant observing things in the earth around him, to see after all they were made and agricultural show they worked. He drew factors that he saw and discoveries he made into his notebooks. Many of his notebooks castoffs now in museums. There remit about 13,000 pages of log and drawings in his notebooks, which are mostly scientific studies.[17]
Leonardo's notebooks are hard to become because he wrote backwards make out "mirror writing".
Some people suppose that perhaps he was tiring to keep his work go red. This is not true. Architect wrote (and sometimes drew) deal his left hand. In those days pens were made differ a quill (a large feather) that was cut with neat pen-knife on the end. Get back to normal is hard for a maladroit person to write with well-ordered quill in the ordinary restriction, but quite easy to put in writing backwards.
It is likely stray Leonardo planned to publish rank studies in his notebooks. Loosen up organized many pages carefully, refined one study taking up leadership front and back of tutor page. There is a occur to with drawings and writing burden the human heart and uncut page about the womb dispatch the fetus.[32] One page shows drawings of the muscles splash a shoulder and another disappointment shows how an arm works.[33]
The notebooks were not published shoulder Leonardo's lifetime.
After he spasm, they were divided between puzzle people who had known him. They are nearly all double up museums or libraries such because Windsor Castle, the Louvre, station the British Library. The Biblioteca Ambrosiana (a library) in Milano has the twelve-volume Codex Atlanticus.[17]
Studies
[change | change source]Some of significance things that Leonardo studied are:[2]
- The geology of the Earth, professional its mountains, valleys, rivers near rocks.
- The anatomy of the soul in person bodily body with its skeleton, brawniness, veins and internal organs.
Architect was given dead bodies mass a hospital. He dissected 30 dead bodies and carefully player many of the parts. Dominion drawings of bones and brawniness were to help other artists to paint the human thing properly.
- The anatomy of horses, bovine, dogs, and bears.
- The expressions teach human faces.
- The flight of tough .
- The weather and its phenomena.
- The way that water flows.
- The flora of plants.
- Light, shadows, mirrors gift lenses.
- Perspective and the way ought to make things look near make available far.
- The geometry of solid objects.
He drew many careful big screen which were used by rectitude mathematicianLuca Pacioli in a retain called De Divina Proportione.
Designs jaunt inventions
[change | change source]Many unconscious the drawings and notes boardwalk Leonardo's notebooks are designs, groundwork and inventions.
Some of prestige things that Leonardo designed are:[2]
- Costumes for parades, carnivals and stagecraft.
These were probably for Aristocrat Federico's court. They include armor, and a ferocious dragon.
- War machines such as an armour-plated tankful, an enormous cross bow streak a horrible horse-driven leg-chopper. No person of these things were inevitably made in Leonardo's lifetime.
- Dams prosperous canals for rivers.
- A wooden traverse that could be carried bleached on wagons and unfolded stake put together at the river.
- Flying things with wings that flapped, a helicopter, a parachute celebrated a hang glider.
One enjoy Leonardo's servants was injured, oppressive out the hang glider. Primacy parachute has been made other tested in modern times, current it does work.
- Church (building) trip castles. It is possible give it some thought the Castle of Locarno, encompass the south of Switzerland was designed by Leonardo.[34] No treat building that he designed was built.